Nine specimens were collected from the oral cavity and oropharynx: saliva buccal mucosa (cheek), keratinized gingiva (gums), palate, tonsils, throat and tongue soft tissues, and supra- and subgingival dental plaque (tooth biofilm above and below the gum). Women were sampled at 18 body habitats, men at 15 (excluding three vaginal sites), distributed among five major body areas. Adult subjects lacking evidence of disease were recruited based on a lengthy list of exclusion criteria we will refer to them here as ‘healthy’, as defined by the consortium clinical sampling criteria (K. These results thus delineate the range of structural and functional configurations normal in the microbial communities of a healthy population, enabling future characterization of the epidemiology, ecology and translational applications of the human microbiome.Ī total of 4,788 specimens from 242 screened and phenotyped adults 1 (129 males, 113 females) were available for this study, representing the majority of the target Human Microbiome Project (HMP) cohort of 300 individuals. Metagenomic carriage of metabolic pathways was stable among individuals despite variation in community structure, and ethnic/racial background proved to be one of the strongest associations of both pathways and microbes with clinical metadata. The project encountered an estimated 81–99% of the genera, enzyme families and community configurations occupied by the healthy Western microbiome. We found the diversity and abundance of each habitat’s signature microbes to vary widely even among healthy subjects, with strong niche specialization both within and among individuals. Accordingly, to characterize the ecology of human-associated microbial communities, the Human Microbiome Project has analysed the largest cohort and set of distinct, clinically relevant body habitats so far. Much of this diversity remains unexplained, although diet, environment, host genetics and early microbial exposure have all been implicated. "Doctor Who" premiered on BBC One in November 1963.Studies of the human microbiome have revealed that even healthy individuals differ remarkably in the microbes that occupy habitats such as the gut, skin and vagina. The world's most famous Time Lord has been accompanied by a variety of young companions and has battled many foes, most famously the Daleks, Cybermen and the Master. He was followed by David Tennant (2005-10), Matt Smith (2010-13) and Peter Capaldi (2013-). A TV movie starring Paul McGann as the Doctor appeared in 1996, but it wasn't until 2005 that a revamped version materialised on BBC One with Christopher Eccleston (2005) at the controls of the Tardis. William Hartnell (1963-66) was the first Doctor to pilot the Tardis, taking it from a junkyard at 76 Totter's Lane into the realms of the fourth dimension. Sci-fi drama following the adventures of a Time Lord and his time-travelling companion as they explore the universe in his Tardis. However, Werner begins to question his role in the invasion of Europe and the innocent lives that hang in the balance based on his findings In Saint-Malo, Marie-Laure's fate collides with orphaned German teenager Werner Pfennig (Louis Hofmann), who should be reporting Etienne's clandestine radio broadcasts on behalf of the French resistance to Hitler's regime. Father and daughter are pursued by a Gestapo officer called Von Rumpel (Lars Eidinger), who covets the jewel. They seek refuge with Daniel's reclusive uncle Etienne (Hugh Laurie) in the coastal resort of Saint-Malo. Daniel LeBlanc (Mark Ruffalo) and his blind daughter Marie-Laure (Aria Mia Loberti) flee German-occupied Paris in possession of a priceless treasure, a legendary diamond known as the Sea of Flames. Hope burns bright during the darkest hours of the Second World War in a four-part drama based on Anthony Doerr's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, which has been adapted for the screen by Steven Knight and directed by Shawn Levy.
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